The media and public sphere in changing the status quo of the early governments.

The media and public sphere in modern days Europe.

a) Asa Briggs and Peter Burke are both renowned scholars in the field of history.

Asa Briggs (1921-2016) was a British historian and academic. He was born in Keighley, West Yorkshire, England. Briggs was a prominent figure in the field of social history and had a particular interest in the history of communications and the media. He held various academic positions, including Professor of History at the University of Leeds and later at the University of Sussex. Briggs authored numerous books on social history, media history, and cultural history, making significant contributions to our understanding of the media's role in society.

Peter Burke (born 1937) is a British historian and professor emeritus at the University of Cambridge. He was born in Stanmore, Middlesex, England. Burke's academic discipline is history, with a focus on cultural history, social history, and the history of communication and media. He has written extensively on various topics, including the Renaissance, the European Enlightenment, and the history of print culture. Some of his notable publications include "The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction" and "A Social History of Knowledge: From Gutenberg to Diderot."

To gather the information about the authors, I relied on multiple sources, including academic databases such as JSTOR and Google Scholar, as well as reputable websites such as the University of Cambridge's official website and obituaries for Asa Briggs.

b) The assigned text, "A Social History of the Media" by Asa Briggs and Peter Burke, is a secondary text. It is a scholarly work that synthesizes and analyzes existing research and primary sources to provide an interpretation and understanding of the topic. The authors draw upon primary sources and other secondary texts to construct their arguments and present their analysis of the public sphere in early modern Europe.

c) Approach: Skim the text to get an overview of the main sections and headings. Read the introduction and conclusion carefully to understand the authors' main arguments and the scope of the text. Focus on the sections related to the public sphere in early modern Europe. Take note of key themes, concepts, and examples mentioned. Pay attention to the authors' use of primary sources and their analysis of the historical context. Use critical thinking and compare the authors' arguments with other scholarly sources to evaluate their reliability and contribution to the field.

d) Five most important substantive points in order of importance:

The emergence of the public sphere in early modern Europe as a space for civic engagement and political discussion, facilitated by the increasing availability and circulation of printed materials.

The influence of key historical events, such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment, in shaping the development of the public sphere and the spread of ideas and information.

The role of coffeehouses, salons, and other social spaces in fostering intellectual exchange and the formation of public opinion.

The impact of censorship and state control over the media, including the use of licensing systems and pre-publication censorship, on the public sphere and the circulation of information.

The diversification of the public sphere through the rise of specialized publications and the expansion of readership beyond the elite, allowing for a broader participation in public discourse.

e) Five most important years mentioned in the text:

1642: The outbreak of the English Civil War, which had significant implications for the media landscape and the public sphere in England.

1688: The Glorious Revolution in England, which marked a turning point in the relationship between the state and the media, leading to more freedom of the press.

1737: The establishment of The Gentleman's Magazine, one of the earliest periodicals, which played a role in shaping the public sphere and disseminating information to a growing readership.

1758: The publication of Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie, a monumental work that aimed to compile and disseminate knowledge, contributing to the Enlightenment's intellectual and cultural transformations.

1792: The French Revolution, a pivotal event that had far-reaching effects on the public sphere, media, and political discourse, challenging established structures and fostering new forms of communication and participation.

These years are important because they represent significant historical moments that had a profound impact on the development of the public sphere, the media landscape, and the dissemination of information in early modern Europe. They mark turning points, transformative events, and milestones in the historical context discussed in the text.

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