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A vivid historical account of the social world of Rome as it moved from republic to empire. In 49 B.C., the seven hundred fifth year since the founding of Rome, Julius Caesar crossed a small border river called the Rubicon and plunged Rome into cataclysmic civil war. Tom Holland’s enthralling account tells the story of Caesar’s generation, witness to the twilight of the Republic and its bloody transformation into an empire. From Cicero, Spartacus, and Brutus, to Cleopatra, Virgil, and Augustus, here are some of the most legendary figures in history brought thrillingly to life. Combining verve and freshness with scrupulous scholarship,

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Book ID Asin: B0012RMVEI
Book Title: Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic
Book Author: Tom Holland
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Book Format Name: Kindle
Book Format Price: $8.99
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Book Format Price: $42.51
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Book Rating: 1,778 ratings

Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic by Tom Holland Book Review

Name: Robert J. Crawford
Rating: 5.0 out of 5 stars
Title: the great turning point of antiquity
Date: Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on December 26, 2008
Review: This is an absolutely wonderful panorama on one the the great historical watersheds: the slide to the end of the Roman Republic. In luminous prose, Holland begins with the rivalry of Marius and Sulla. These two generals appeared in the period when Rome was expanding so rapidly that a new source of manpower had to be found: rather than exclusively rely on landowners, Marius began to enlist anyone who would serve. The new recruits had nowhere to return to, hence their loyalties belonged more to their leader (i.e. the military) than to any idea of "the republic" (i.e. the republican "citizens" who were land-owning yeoman farmers, a mythic ideal). The consequences were extremely grave: when Sulla ordered them to attack Rome after he was politically out-maneuvered, they obeyed, beginning a period of catastrophic instability at the moment that ROme was facing new pressures from several directions. Law no longer ruled, military power and personal loyalty did.

Holland also explains, in a clearer way than I have ever read, how the republic was a combination of centuries-old custom, of essentially religious reverence. Citizens respected the institutions, which had proven resilient and adaptable for nearly 500 years, ever expanding representation and reasonably just, at least for its citizens. While not a democracy as we understand it, neither was it a monarchy or pure aristocracy. Tradition and law dictated that soldiers would never enter the city in a military capacity; all accused citizens could seek justice in the courts; careers were not exclusively dependent on birth right. Officials changed office every year, by vote, and the Senate was a permanent body of respected elders in addition to knaves. Finally, there was a rough consensus of the value of seeking glory and the respect of one's peers, more or less in the service of republican ideals. There were, of course, plenty of contradictions and corrupt practices, in addition to slaves and the disenfranchisement of women. Holland offers a wonderfully detailed, yet never pedantic, explanation of the republic's functioning.

At the moment of Marius and Sulla, the institutions were proving less and less able to cope with the challenges of what was becoming a vaste empire: consuls (top executives elected to serve one year) often had to travel for more than one year to deal with military threats, the constant change-over of personnel made the implementation of consistent policies impossible (a good governor could only do so much before being replaced by a corrupt one), etc. Holland's portrait is so varied and complex that it cannot be summarized here. There are many wonderful mini-biographies as the narrative progresses; I would compare it to The Best and the Brightest by Halberstam.

By the time Caesar and Pompey arrived on the scene, the institutions of the republic were in precipitous decline; it was a combination of personal ambitions and structural weaknesses. Sulla and Marius, in their civil war, had decimated the senate, "proscribing" (killing by bounty) many of its most respected and competent members (enemies but also to plunder the rich); those who remained, like Cato, were rigid and lacking in pragmatism, unable to negotiate compromise for the greater good. Even Cicero, in my reading, was a mediocre politician, in spite of his genius as an orator and rhetorician. Moreover, with an empire in formation, its institutions required radical revision to survive - greater continuity of tenure and less politicized military careers. Once a new political crisis emerged - between Caesar and Pompey, rivals for glory - the pressure to return to an autocracy was perhaps too great. Caesar destroyed the republic out of wounded pride and a sense of entitlement to glory. It was then left to Octavian to create a new system as Rome entered its Imperial period.

As an autocracy, in my reading, this development closed many possible evolutionary paths, dooming the antique world to a place of competing despots and empires. The example for today, the parallels and differences, remain relevant and fascinating. Holland does not get into this kind of reasoning and does not describe how Roman mores changed for the Empire. I hope he will write a sequel to this book that does cover these issues.

This is an absolutely first-rate popular history. I was rivetted from page 1 and could not put it down. It reads fast and never gets bogged down in academic trivia. Recommended with the greatest enthusiasm.

Name: Kindle Customer
Rating: 5.0 out of 5 stars
Title: Another wonderful overview of the decline of the Roman Republic
Date: Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on December 3, 2022
Review: Recommended for philosophy and history students! This retired oculoplastic surgeon, also, found it fascinating reading, another gem written by a great author, Tom Holland.

Name: Daniel Burton
Rating: 4.0 out of 5 stars
Title: Rubicon: a consumer sized portion of Roman history
Date: Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on March 14, 2011
Review: I've long had a fascination with the characters and politics of ancient Rome, whether it be the Republican Period or the Imperial Period that followed the fall of the Republic. However, the most fascinating time for me, perhaps because of the vivid and larger-than-life characters in the cast, the gruesome violence of its politics, and the sheer scale of the stage (from the tip of Spain west to the far shores of the Black Sea east, from the shores of Britain north to the deserts of Africa and the Nile south), is the period as the Republic began to falter and fail and the Roman Empire began to ascend.

Perhaps this period has gained even more currency with me recently because so much of our own politics in many ways echoes the arguments and politics of the Roman Republic. As I have listened, and occasionally participated in, debates and discussions about the role of government, I have heard arguments not unlike those that once were made in the Forum by senators of Rome. How much power should government have, what government should, and shouldn't, do for the people, whether we should engage in wars far across the ocean, whether we should be nation building, what should we do with the many millions of people immigrating across our borders, who should be an American, and so on, and so on. Long before the modern American Republic encountered these issues, the Roman people--under the Republic--debated these issues from in the Forum of Rome.

With these thoughts in mind, as well as a love for gritty and real bare knuckle politics of ancient Rome, I picked up Tom Holland's book. Told in a narrative style with vibrant language, the story reads with novel like ease and speed. But for footnotes and awareness of the history being accounted from other sources, I might have wondered at the fictional like quality to it.

All the great names of Roman history are present. Julius Caesar and his legions. Marcus Cicero, the oratorical giant. Pompey the Great, hero and megalomaniac. Cleopatra, seducer, queen and Pharaoh-goddess. And, of course, my favorite, Cato, the Spartan like idealist and champion of Republican principles, falling upon his sword rather than surrender to dictatorship as Caesar's army marches on Utica.

I usually confine my gym reading to "fun stuff," like novels and other brain candy. However, I found that Holland's history was sufficiently enjoyable that I had difficulty picking up other books for the duration of the read, including at the gym. For those who complain that history is boring, a list of "one thing after another," Holland's Rubicon may be for them. For in it, they may find that `yes,' history does seem to repeat itself, but no, it is not just one thing after another, nor is it boring. Roman history, especially in Holland's telling, is as vibrant, alive, and violent as the Italian operas that their descendants would write over fifteen hundred years later.

Rubicon is, ultimately, a tragic tale marked by violence, civil war, conquest and the fall of the world's longest standing republic. As the turmoil begins to end, we see Octavian rise as the second Caesar, but really as the first emperor, of Rome. His long life and mostly peaceful reign were a marked difference from the tumultuous years of the Republics fall, and they gave rise to a different period in Rome's, and the West's, history. It would be more than seventeen hundred years before another republic with Rome's staying power was established.

As the only constant in history is change, as I closed the book, I could not help but wonder how long our republic will last. I don't mean to speak doom and gloom by saying so, only to point out that human nature is tends to bring about repetition of history, including the failures of democracies and republics alike. How long can ours last? Even if it is only at mid-point or, to be optimistic, a relative beginning, what duration can it have? And will the causes of Rome's fall also cause ours to fall?