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Human trafficking is illegal in most countries around the world, and is typically covered by criminal laws that prohibit the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by means of threat, use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.

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The United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, which supplements the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, defines human trafficking and establishes the legal framework for international cooperation to combat it.

In the United States, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 is the primary federal law that addresses human trafficking. It defines human trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by means of threat, use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. The TVPA makes it a federal crime to engage in human trafficking and provides for penalties of up to life imprisonment.

Many countries have their own laws and regulations to combat human trafficking, but it remains a major problem globally and more needs to be done to prosecute traffickers and provide support and protection to victims.