Baskadia

INTRODUCTION

MNS- University of Agriculture, Multan is the most sustainable university of Pakistan, though being a young university, it has not only achievements in Pakistan, also achieved a global rank in 2022.

Rodenticides are pesticides that kill rodents. All rodenticides can be toxic when eaten, Rodenticides may be coagulants, or anticoagulants.

Citrus are important commodities and non-traditional crops that can be used for both local consumption and export. This is due to the citrus characterized by their containment of many foodstuffs, vitamins and mineral salts. Citrus are the important economic crop in Pakistan so it is necessary to control pests harmful to Citrus.

Rodents considered as one the most important pest in not only in Pakistan all over the World. That caused great economic loss to farmers (damage the growing crops, stored products, poultry and animals farm).

Rat damage to certain crops and density of Arvicanthis niloticus in Fayoum Governorate (Asran, et al., 1991). Khan et al., (2009) recorded that control of rodent damage to groundnuts in the postwar plateau region of Pakistan with zinc phosphide. (Metwally, et al., 2011) recorded that use of some mechanical and chemical control methods to control rodent species in some field crops and date palm trees in experimental farm of Al- Azhar University in Assuit. Desoky, (2013) reported that zinc phosphide as chemical control and handing destroy of burrow, deep irrigation and traps as mechanical control to control Arvicanthis niloticus in Sohag Governorate. The present work aims to:

Rodent damage assessment on Citrus and buildings.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental area and fruit crops:

Different Places were chosen from different locations at MNS-UAM as new reclaimed lands.

The fruit crop was Citrus and the building was B-Block.

Assessment of damage in Citrus and Building:

Initially all the burrows were closed and counted as well. After somedays visited the area/field again and counted the freshly opened burrows in, around the building and in the field.

Population Estimation = Initial active burrows - post active burrows        *100

Initial active burrows

Bait Used and Study Design:

            Baits;

Name                           Klerat®Waxblocks

Composition:               0.005% Brodifacoum

Formulation:                 Block Bait

Mode of action:            Ingestion

Dosage:                        Single Feed

Klerat®Waxblocks are ideal for use in baiting rodent burrows, buildings, grain and food stores, as well as wet environments, including sewers and drains. The central hole in each block allows them to be easily secured in baiting stations and prevents rodents carrying them away.

            Bait Stations:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Appropriate numbers of bait stations were installed at different locations were freshly opened burrows were found. Bait station were typically a 4 inches sewerage pipe of Plastic. Initially Bait stations were installed with a food source in order to attract the rodents towards bait station. When the whole food material was eaten away then we installed Klerat®Waxblocks. Klerat®Waxblocks are ideal for use in baiting rodent burrows, buildings, grain and food stores, as well as wet environments, including sewers and drains. The central hole in each block allows them to be easily secured in baiting stations and prevents rodents carrying them away.

Rodent damage assessment to Citrus and MNS-UAM:

Results showed that the average damage percentage caused by Rattus rattus on Citrus were very high, the percentage was 89.35%. While it was high in Building premises, the percentage was 66.6. However, it was very low in the fields where baits were installed. Klerat®Waxblocks achieved 87.26 % population reduction of rats in Citrus. Concerning building premises, 79.7 % population reduction of rats.

Rodent damage Citrus may be due to neglect of the farmer, non-clean around the trees and not demolition of rat burrows. These results agree with Asran, et al., 1985 and Ahmed 2007 the damage in crops was due to density of rats.

Chemical control:

Data showed that the efficiency of Klerat®Waxblocks bait against R. rattus achieved 87.26 % population reduction of rats and the consumed amount of bait was reduce from 25 wax blocks to 6 wax blocks in Citrus. While the population redaction of rats in building was 79.7 % and the consumed amount of bait decreased from 87 wax blocks to 13 wax blocks.

Brodifacoum anticoagulant bait caused 87.26 % rat population reduction with decline consumed from 25 wax blocks to 6 in Citrus. While it caused 79.9 % with decrease amount consumed from 87 wax blocks to 13 wax blocks.

From the previous results, Brodifacoum anticoagulant bait was more effective bait against rats, whereas it caused high population reduction with high consumed in the Citrus and buildings. Also, gave good results as an acute poison.

Population reduction of rats in date palm and orange trees was declined may be due to toxic effect of Brodifacoum bait. Rodent controlled in cane field by some rodenticides as zinc phosphide, brodifacoum, coumatetralyl and bromethalin. found that decrease in population reduction of rats by using some rodenticide compound. The reduction of rodents was due to using two compounds, bromadiolone and zinc phosphide. The effect of warfarin, dopaquinone and chlorophacinone are very effective against rodent in Pakistan. The reduction of rodent in all crops due to toxic effect of bromadiolone and chlorophacinone (Ahmed, 2017).

REFERENCES

Abdel-Gawad, K. H. and Farghal, A. I. (1982): levels of Egypt rodent sensitivity to

warfarin. Assiut J. Agric. Sci., 13 (2): 145- 152.

Abdel-Gawad, K. H. (2001): Evaluation of some chemical and mechanical methods to reduce rodent population in maize field. 1st Int. Conf., Safe Alternatives of Pesticides for Pest Managent Assiut Univ., Egypt., 421- 429.

Ahmed, H. A. A. (2007): Ecological and toxicological studies on some domestic rodent species prevailed building. M. Sc. thesis. Fac Agric. Al- Azhar Univ., Egypt.

Ahmed, H. A. A. (2017): Evaluation of rodenticide bromadilone and chlorophcinone in controlling rodent infestation at Al- Wadi Al-Gadeed Governorate in Egypt. Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 9 (1): 41-48.

Asran, A. A.; El-Deeb, H. I. and El-Halafawy (1991): Rat damage to certain crops and population density of Arvicanthis niloticus in Fayoum Governorate., J. Agric. Res., 9 (1): 273-279.

Asran, A. A.; El-Deeb, H. I. and Kuhnert, G. (1985): Rat damage assessment in vineyards and orchards of apricots and plums. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 10 (2): 573-575.

44        Randa A. Kandil and Ahmed H.A. A.

Buckle, A. P. (1999): Rodenticides their role pest management in tropical agriculture. In: Singleton, G. R.; Hinds, L. A. and Zhang, Z. (Eds.), Ecologically based Management of Rodent Pests. ACLAR, Canberra, 163-177.

Desoky, A. S. S. (2013): Evalution of chemical and mechanical control to reduce active burrows for Arvicanthis niloticus in Sohag Governorate, Egypt. J. of Environmentally friendly processes., 1 (1): 14-18.

Desoky, A. S. S. (2016): Rodneticide use in rodent control in Upper Egypt: an overview.

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El-Eraky, S. A.; Abdel- Gawad, K. H.; Farghal, A. I. and Abazied, A. A. (2000): Evalution of some mechanical control measures to reduce rodent population in Upper Egypt. The 2nd Scientific Conference if Agricultural Sci. Assiut, 519-522.

Khan, A. A. (2007): Comparative evaluation of two anticoagulant and two acute rodenticides in sugarcane fields. Sarhad, J. Agric., 23 (3).

Khan, A.; Hussain, I. and Munir, S. (2009): Control of rodent damage to groundnuts in the pothwar plateau region of Pakistant. Pakistan, J. zool., 41(3): 203- 207.

Metwally, A. M.; Abdel-Gawad, Kh. H.; Abdel-Samad, M. A.; Nafady, A. A. and S. A. S. (2011): Evaluation of different control methods against rodent species in some field crops and date palm trees in Assiut Governorate. J. Plant Prot. and Path., Univ., 2 (10): 845-853.

Urdu Summary

Wood, B. J. and Fee, C. G. (2003): A critical review of the development of rat control in Malaysian agriculture since the 1960s. Crop Prot., 22: 445-46.

محمد نواز شریف یونیورسٹی آف ایگریکلچر کے مختلف مقامات پر بی بلاک کی عمارت، درختوں، سڑک کے اطراف میں اور اس کے ارد گرد چوہوں کے نقصانات کا جائزہ لیا گیا، نئی دوبارہ حاصل کی گئی زمینوں کے طور پر۔ اس کے علاوہ، کنٹرول کے طریقوں کا مطالعہ کیا گیا، یعنی کیمیائی کنٹرول (Klerat®Waxblocks an anticoagulant bait)۔ نتائج سے ظاہر ہوا کہ نقصان کا تناسب 66.6% B-بلاک تھا، 89.35% لیموں میں۔ کیمیائی کنٹرول کے نتائج سے پتہ چلتا ہے کہ Klerat®Waxblocks بیت زیادہ موثر تھا۔ Klerat®Waxblocks نے سائٹرس میں چوہوں کی آبادی میں 87.26 فیصد کمی حاصل کی۔ عمارت کے احاطے سے متعلق، چوہوں کی آبادی میں 79.7 فیصد کمی۔