Baskadia

media, including books and film

A language translator is an individual who translates a text or movie from one language to another, usually as part of the production process.[1] The translation process involves looking for differences between languages, determining which words are difficult for their intended audience to understand in order to avoid miscommunication and missing details.[2][3] A language translator may be bilingual or multilingual, although many linguists consider it to be impossible to have a simultaneous understanding of two different languages[4] due to communication barriers.[5] Translation specialists can also include other types of translators such as actors or musicians in soundtracks, narrating for television or films. Most commonly, interpreters use specialized software that automatically detects the spoken syntax of a given text.[6][7] They also often take extra steps and work in pairs or groups.[8]

Translators provide valuable services and expertise in interpreting content for audiences in a variety of settings. Because they are involved in this process at every level of the industry, translation professionals must possess all types of professional skills that will help them communicate in a way that is understandable and accurate to the target audience. Some examples of these include being able to listen and speak several languages fluently, possessing good grammar and basic vocabulary, excellent listening abilities, and ability to grasp cultural nuances.[9][10] Language translators must be fluent in both written and spoken languages, typically speaking more than 200 different languages.[11][12][13] This requires a great deal of practice and dedication as well as years of experience in both reading and writing. As any profession in general, the field of translation has grown substantially over the past 30 years, with advancements in technology allowing new fields of research and study to emerge, thereby widening its reach for practitioners. While there has been some progress in recent times, there remains much room for improvement such as improving accuracy and reliability as well as using technology such as machine learning to simplify translations processes.

History [ edit ]

The earliest human-to-human contact was about seven million years ago when Neanderthal tribes used verbal communications to pass on information. However, speech still evolved into writing long before that and eventually became a source of knowledge through oral transmission. Such knowledge would later allow humans to create literature, play games, and make art. Early humans also built social structures by gathering around people's camps to exchange messages, trade goods, and form political alliances with other tribes. In Mesopotamian city walls there is evidence of early writing systems that included pictograms. These were written documents containing geometric shapes resembling symbols which served as indexes for counting, time, distance, direction, etc. Other forms of literacy developed later as people learned how to create papyrus rolls, clay tablets, and parchment.[14][15] Writing was also utilized during religious rituals. For example, the Sumerians invented hieroglyphic writing during the Old Kingdom. Later, Greek mathematicians made significant contributions to mathematical knowledge. In medieval Europe, manuscripts were produced during the Middle Ages, where printing techniques and movable type were refined. During this time, books became lighter in weight and sturdier, producing better quality paper copies. Modern computing allows for digitizing existing texts. Electronic libraries and online dictionaries also facilitate access and learning from libraries. The internet provides countless resources to learn any topic.

During the Renaissance era, various individuals began developing systems of translating the Bible into Latin. There were numerous arguments regarding what aspects of the Bible should be translated; some argued it should only be the New Testament.[16] Others argued that it should cover not only the Old Testament but also the Gospels, Revelation, Acts, Ephesians, Colossians and Timothy (see Matthew 26). John Milton, a British novelist born in 1708, wrote his first literary work The Paradise Lost, the poem which set him on the path that led to English Literature. His works inspired future writers such as William Wordsworth and Percy Shelley.[17] Charles Mackesy published an explanation of biblical creation in 1841, which was followed by Mary Dawson's work Two Treatises On Grammar, which explains how to translate, revise, and add textual material.[18] By 1895, Joseph Campbell had written The First Five Books of Wisdom, and Charles Lippman penned A Dictionary Of Literary Terms.[19] Before World War II, Paul Rousset and Jean Cocteau worked on Le Monde Romantique et Cieux de Bienvenue.[20] At this point, however, the idea that translation could be made simpler with automation was proposed.[21] The result was DICOM, named after its inventor Charles J. DICON.[22] It came out in 1979.[23][24] It was an improved version of EDUARDO CRISTINA MARINOTTI'S DICOM system.[25][26] Later developments involved WIKIPEDIA which was used in 1987 as an alternative to DICOM, specifically for Latin and French.[27] In 1991, Stephen Hawking took up DICOM again for modern usage.[28] Today's current generation understands much more of the Bible than ever before. It is estimated 90% of Americans read the Bible a year, while most Europeans spend less than five minutes reading the book per day.[29] Additionally, 75% of households worldwide use digital platforms to access books.[30] Many believe that "the Internet makes the Holy Spirit available to every person."[31]

Today, it's possible for anyone to become a language interpreter. There are no formal qualifications to qualify as a qualified translator. Instead, they must pass certain tests and training. Although it is fairly easy to get started, getting hired is extremely competitive. To get employed as a translator, you need to have extensive language proficiency and a minimum of three years experience in the same area of translation. Some employers prefer candidates who are native speakers of several foreign languages. Otherwise, companies are reluctant to hire someone because they have too many applicants. You must have your job interview conducted by a company's liaison agent and a supervisor, who will have experience with hiring. Companies are always willing to pay a higher salary than a school-educated student, and most students don't want to start the profession, so they quit college. Another challenge is obtaining a visa as a non-immigrant. Many countries demand visas be completed within 10 days, but doing so might require going abroad for additional training. Also, if you are applying to multiple countries (or countries near the United States), the chances that an employer will accept you are much lower.[32] If you want more support in your career transition from a master's degree to translation, consider contacting graduate schools for employment opportunities. You can find a program here. The American Educational Research Association provides useful guidance for immigrants seeking jobs in education.[33] An important component of a successful career in translation is having excellent interpersonal skills. Interpersonal skills refer to the combination of active listening, active response, and self-awareness. Being skilled in these areas and with an open mind will enable you to build strong relationships with others and make an impact in your chosen field. Lastly, in addition to communication skills, there is a tremendous need to develop technical and analytical skills. Technical skill is being able to complete manual tasks, whereas analytical skills are being able to write essays, memos, reports, presentations and textbooks. Both of these abilities are critical to effectively achieving success as a translator.[34] Once graduates are placed in positions, they will face problems adapting to the workplace culture, new methods of working, and the rigors of running a global enterprise. Communication barriers are especially hard to overcome, as they're rooted deep within human nature. Yet they do exist. Even among linguistically similar people, some language barriers are unavoidable. Thus, it often becomes necessary to cross them, for translation to continue making sense and being useful.[35]

Ethics [ edit ]

Language and ethics are intricately connected.[36] Traditionally linguists have focused on linguistic rules, norms, and language use/abuse. Ethical studies in linguistics tend to focus on codes of conduct, ethical behavior, and the relationship between linguistics and religion.[37] One way to look at interpretation of language and ethics is to think of the problem from the perspective of agents. Agents may act unethically due to ignorance in interpretation, fear of loss of power, lack of desire to give up control over the outcome of the situation and thus reluctance to influence the decision of others. Conversely, in interpretive ethics, agents act ethically and consciously choose a method over the outcome of the situation. Interpretive ethics aims to promote goodness rather than efficiency. Therefore, interpretive ethics emphasizes the value of the receiver of interpretation. Ethics can arise spontaneously or be intentionally promoted or suppressed by the interpreter or even a specific organization or community. When examining the ethics of translation, we will identify various interpretations of ethics and moral obligations, and examine whether translation practices meet or fail to meet those standards. Our focus will move beyond “moral” ideas to ideas pertaining to the meaning of language such as truth, justice, equality, freedom, decency, friendship, respect, autonomy, privacy, objectivity as well as how these notions interact with each other. Ultimately, our goal will be to answer fundamental questions that cannot be answered theoretically or informally: How does one negotiate or interpret language? What are the conditions for ethical communication? What are the implications of linguistic relativism on ethics and moral duties? Can the ethical issues surrounding linguistic relativism be resolved? Finally, we will explore the possibility of integrating moral theory into translation theories and practices. If we continue to see the limitations inherent in the application of conventional approaches to translation, then we have created new challenges and obstacles for translating as a discipline. We hope to provide insight into how best to approach these challenges.L