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Review Programming the Universe A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes on the Cosmos by Seth Lloyd

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Is the universe actually a giant quantum computer? According to Seth Lloyd, the answer is yes. All interactions between particles in the universe, Lloyd explains, convey not only energy but also information–in other words, particles not only collide, they compute. What is the entire universe computing, ultimately? “Its own dynamical evolution,” he says. “As the computation proceeds, reality unfolds.” Programming the Universe, a wonderfully accessible book, presents an original and compelling vision of reality, revealing our world in an entirely new light.

The idea, in various forms, has been around for awhile. Ed Fredkin has been developing the idea since the 60's. Though his website is a bit technical for the average reader, a superb article by Robert Wright in The Atlantic Monthly captures both the essential ideas and the man himself.

According to his theory of digital physics, information is more fundamental than matter and energy. He believes that atoms, electrons, and quarks consist ultimately of bits--binary units of information, like those that are the currency of computation in a personal computer or a pocket calculator. And he believes that the behavior of those bits, and thus of the entire universe, is governed by a single programming rule. This rule, Fredkin says, is something fairly simple, something vastly less arcane than the mathematical constructs that conventional physicists use to explain the dynamics of physical reality. Yet through ceaseless repetition--by tirelessly taking information it has just transformed and transforming it further--it has generated pervasive complexity. Fredkin calls this rule, with discernible reverence, "the cause and prime mover of everything."

This "prime mover of everything" is a class of computer programs known as cellular automata which were invented by John von Neumann in the 1950s. More recently Stephen Wolfram has explored cellular automata in great detail in his monumental work, A New Kind of Science, in which he sees this form of analysis and understanding as ushering in a new method of doing science. The cellular automaton is a lattice of cells, which can have a finite number of states. These states result from rules which advance in discrete steps and which simultaneously update the lattice. Wolfram explored hundreds of these rules through computer analysis.

So the universe could itself be a process of working out these computational processes according to some rule. And if so, then our picture of the nature of reality changes dramatically:

Fredkin believes that automata will more faithfully mirror reality as they are applied to its more fundamental levels and the rules needed to model the motion of molecules, atoms, electrons, and quarks are uncovered. And he believes that at the most fundamental level (whatever that turns out to be) the automaton will describe the physical world with perfect precision, because at that level the universe is a cellular automaton, in three dimensions--a crystalline lattice of interacting logic units, each one "deciding" zillions of times per second whether it will be off or on at the next point in time. The information thus produced, Fredkin says, is the fabric of reality, the stuff of which matter and energy are made. An electron, in Fredkin's universe, is nothing more than a pattern of information, and an orbiting electron is nothing more than that pattern moving.

This universe is no longer the continuous process that our perceptual system sees. Rather it is a discrete process of events. The physicist John Wheeler entitled an article on this understanding as "It from Bit"-a phrase that has become a popular way of encapsulating the idea.

Back to Seth Lloyd. He is working at this interface of computer science and physics-- what Robert Wright calls the "twilight zone of modern science". He surveys the basic
principles of quantum computing, exploring questions such as: How much information is there in the universe? How much was present at the Big Bang? Can we re-create it on a giant quantum computer? How is information related to entropy? He answers these questions with surprising clarity for ideas that are so foreign to our everyday understanding.

The strength in Lloyd's book is the presentation of the core ideas of quantum computing. Those of a more philosophical bent might have wished for more speculation on the implications of his model. However, he does end his book with a "Personal Note: The Consolation of Information," in which he describes the tragic death of his teacher and friend Heinz Pagels. They were hiking together in the Colorado mountains when Heinz slipped and fell. After the rescue efforts, he was left with trying to make sense of what happened. He concludes his book with this reflection:
Heinz's body and brain are gone. The information his cells processed is wrapped up in the Earth's slow process. He has lost consciousness, thought, and action. But we have not entirely lost him. While he lived, Heinz programmed his own piece of the universe. The resulting computation unfolds in us and around us: the vivid thoughts and outrageous behavior he impressed on us still flourish in our thoughts and behavior and have their own vivid and outrageous consequences. Heinz's piece of the universal computation goes on.

Name: Jaume Puigbo Vila
Rating: 5.0 out of 5 stars
Title: Another paradigm about the universe
Date: Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on September 18, 2007
Review: What would you think of a professor who starts his course this way: " First you ask questions and I'll try to answer them. Second, if you don't ask questions, I'll ask you questions. Third, if you don't answer my questions, I'll tell you something I think you ought to know. Any questions? " And then, when there are no questions, he throws in his own: "What is information?".
Well, this is, apparently, the style of professor Seth Lloyd and I would certainly enjoy to be in his class and , by the way, his question stimulated my brain , so my answer would be: "Information implies some kind of `language', the elements of language being the signs, the syntactic rules and the interpretation (the meaning). Information normally goes from an emitter to a receiver through some channel. Information can also be processed and stored."
So what is this book about? Well, the standard paradigm of the universe is mechanistic and energy is the most important quantity. Lloyd advocates a new complementary paradigm: the universe is a machine that computes and the two primary quantities are energy and information. A phrase summarizes the main idea of the book: "It from bit "or , rather, "It from qubit". The new paradigm solves the problem of the natural emergency of complexity (although Darwin already partly tackled this problem) and does away the need of the God Watchmaker. It all starts from nothing, quantum mechanics provides the random fluctuations and the computer gets self started (according to Lloyd, "Quantum mechanics, unlike classical mechanics, can create information out of nothing"). Yes, there is a new version of the famous story about monkeys (unsuccessfully) trying to type Hamlet or other Shakespeare works with typewriters (by the way, a simulation has only managed to type the first 24 letters of Henry IV, Part 2 after trillions and trillions of monkey-years). The new version is to use computers instead of typewriters and interpret the output as computer programs in one of the standard languages. Yes, there are relatively short programs that produce astounding outputs.
So the book, to explain all this starts to talk about computers in one of the most concise and clear ways I have ever seen . It goes on to describe the universe as a computer, one that computes itself, that is, its dynamical evolution. But since the universe is a quantum computer, quantum mechanics needs to be discussed, in particular the beautiful double slit experiment (an excellent video can be seen at [...] ) and other weird aspects of QM such as entanglement, spooky action at distance, the different interpretations of QM, etc. Well the lay reader will find some difficulties in these chapters about quantum mechanics and quantum computers, but the effort is worthwhile. Quantum computers pose a threat to Internet security, because using Schor's algorithm, a quantum computer could easily factorize 400 digit numbers. However, the technical difficulties in building but the most elementary quantum computers (to insulate them to avoid decoherence) make this threat still a chimera (only a number such as 15 has been factorized by a quantum computer). However, quantum computers have done simulations that no classical computer could achieve.
On the side, you will get some philosophical, physical and mathematical servings. For example, the relation of Gödel's theorem , or the related Turing's halting problem, to free will. "Rationality combines with self-reference to make our actions intrinsically paradoxical and uncertain", claims Lloyd. You will also learn about a fourth road to quantum gravity via quantum computation and some notions of the complexity theory of Chaitin and Bennett.
To sum up, a good book, with some easy chapters and some more difficult ones.